Are Schools Teaching Segregation and/or Discrimination of Disabled Children - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1792 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/10/31 Category Politics Essay Level High school Tags: Segregation Essay Did you like this example? Disabled students should be integrated into mainstream classes and activities as much as possible in the public school system because integration teaches social skills, boosts self-esteem and teaches nondisabled children acceptance and how to interact with disable peers. Inclusion is the practice of including disabled students with the general population in all aspects of school to the maximum extent possible with supports in place to aid in the success of the child (Sapon-Shiven and Sapon-Shiven). The list of arguments against integration for disabled students is long and varied. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Are Schools Teaching Segregation and/or Discrimination of Disabled Children?" essay for you Create order The opponents of inclusive classrooms feel that the education of typical students will be negatively affected. Most feel that inclusion is one size fits all solution. Teachers are not trained to teach on such a wide range of abilities and will not be accepting of inclusive teaching., however, all these arguments can be overcome. Social skills are an important part of education; it is through social skills that a child learns to behave appropriately not only in school but also in the community. Disabled children are very often shielded from the community by well-meaning parents and caregivers. Children mimic the behavior of those around them which in a self-contained classroom is not good. Social skills cannot be learned from others that also do not have social skills. When disabled children are integrated into an inclusive or mainstream classroom, they are exposed to a normal social setting and learn appropriate behaviors by mimicking the behavior of typical children such as taking turns, not interrupting, etc. as evidenced from personal observation. In an inclusive setting disabled children are exposed to the unwritten rules of society, where touching another appropriately or inappropriately may be overlooked in a self-contained class, it would not be overlooked in an inclusive class. They are also held to the same social standards as the general population of the school and therefore face the same disciplinary actions. Most disabled children have sensory issues that typical children do not for example loud noises can lead to a meltdown. In an inclusive setting disabled children are exposed to more noise and people than is found in a self-contained classroom but in a controlled environment which helps to facilitate the ability to cope with loud noises and crowds. Learning appropriate social skills is a difficult, if not impossible, task in a self-contained classroom. However, with professionally trained teachers and the right supports they can not only learn social skills from teachers but also from their non-disabled peers. Learning social skills sets ups a disabled child for success during his/her academic career as well as in life after school. In How Young Children Evaluate People With and Without Disabilities, Huckstadt and Shutts state that One in six children in the United States has a developmental disability and most students with disabilities attend schools with typically developing peers. When disabled children spend their school day in a self-contained class room, they are cut off from the general student population which leads to feeling that they do not belong. According to sociometric studies typical children tend to choose other typical children over disabled children, (Huckstadt and Shutts). The need to belong or to be accepted is a basic human need without which our selfâ€Å"esteem suffers. Social exclusion and bullying have obvious negative impacts on the targets of those behaviors, but biased attitudes and behaviors also deny typically developing children the opportunity to develop close relationships with diverse individuals, (Huckstadt and Shutts). When disabled students are cut off from the student po pulation, typical students are more likely to view them as being different or strange which can lead to bullying. According to Pacers National Bullying Prevention Center 60% of disabled students in comparison to 25% of all students report being bullied regularly. While suicide cannot be tied directly to bullying, it does put adolescents at more of a risk. Children with low self-esteem may believe theyre not worthy of good treatment (Bob Cunningham). A child with low self-esteem may face challenges such as repeated failure leading to feeling of frustration, anger, anxiety, and sadness; losing interest in learning, loss of friendships, be withdrawn, and use self-defeating ways of dealing with stress. Not surprisingly, when social interactions are fostered and peer acceptance of increases, all students show improvements in social skills and self-esteem, transition and communication skills, and language and cognitive development (Kulusic). In an inclusive classroom with caring adults w ho monitor bullying, disabled children have the tools to improve their self-esteem. Attributes of others that are encountered for the first time (e.g., beards or glasses) may initially be confusing or frightening. Not surprisingly, young children conceptualise disability predominantly with respect to physical appearance and they may respond negatively to peers who appear physically different, (Gilmore and Howard). Typical children are not usually exposed to disabled persons prior to entering school, as a result they have not learned to accept disability. Childrens attitudes tend to be more negative towards peers with disabilities than towards typically developing children (Lindsey and al). However, typical children can be taught to accept disabled children with the help of a caring adult. A disabled child in the class gives opportunity to instruct children about social difference and tolerance of people that are different. Learning to accept difference is critical because everyone is unique and eventually they will work in a world of people who are different. Inclus ive education in neighbourhood schools allows students to meet other neighbourhood children and youth, which can lead to friendships outside of school hours (Kulusic). Also, learning about disabled people leads into learning how to interact with them for example using sign language or a speech device as a means of communication. Interaction between disabled children and their typical peers leads into supporting each other. An example of that support would be an autistic child being the motivator for the football team and the football team being the protector of the autistic child. In conclusion, inclusive teaching benefits not the disabled child but the typical child as well. It is critical for children to learn acceptance at an early age and inclusive teaching if done right carries out that goal. Just including disabled children in classrooms with typically developing children, however is not enough. Children and young people without disabilities have reported that being with those who have disabilities has improved their self-concept, increased their social awareness and acceptances of others, reduced their fear of human differences, and helped them develop personal principles and friendships (Kulusic). Admittedly there are some situations of disability that warrant self-contained classrooms, but those are very rare. Most disabled children would be better served in an inclusive class with pull-outs or resource for more intense instruction. According to the IDEAs LRE or mainstreaming policy, school districts are required to educate students with disabilities in regular classrooms with their nondisabled peers, in the school they would attend if not disabled, to the maximum extent appropriate (Wrightslaw Least Restrictive Environment/Inclusion Index Page). Self-contained classrooms are usually social isolated from the general student body and sometimes physically isolated as well. In Taking a Closer Look at the Impact of Classroom Placement: Students Share Their Perspective from Inside Special Education Classrooms, a study done in middle and high schools, Jones and Hensley describe transportation for special education students as arriving and departing on special education buses and using a separate entrance thus physically isolating this population. Based on observation and experience in the local school system, children in self-contained classrooms are isolated from the general student population approximately 85-90% of the day. For purposes of their study, Jones and Hensley, used terms self-contained classrooms and resources rooms, also known in other districts as life skills or inclusive respectively. We were interested in exploring the differences between students in resource rooms and students in self-contained classrooms regard ing their self-determination and relationships with classmates and teachers, (Jones and Hensley). The findings of the study by Jones and Hensley were that students in resource rooms felt better about all four factors (autonomy, self-regulation, psychological empowerment, and self-realization) of self-determination than did the students in self-contained classrooms. Students in self-contained classrooms felt that their classmates were more supportive than students in resource rooms did, (Jones and Hensley). Also, of interest, teachers in self-contained classrooms indicated that students were overly dependent on them, (Jones and Hensley). Jones and Hensley recommend giving students in self-contained classrooms more access to the general student during naturally occurring opportunities such as in middle and high schools the changing of classes, lunch, and clubs sponsored by the school. The opportunity to socialize with the general student body does not mean just taking the disabled students to the lunch room, however. Students need to mingle with and converse with the general student body. To build self-determination, it is imperative that disabled students have opportunity to make choices about their school day and have access to positive relationships to positive role models that exhibit self-determined behaviors. Students with special needs should also have the opportunity to participate in extracurricular activities. All students regardless of disability can participate in some way with clubs, activities, and/or extracurricular activities, e.g. a disabled student may not be able to play football but possibly could be the team manager. The task of integrating disabled children into an inclusive environment is daunting, but not integrating denies them the opportunity to become independent members of society. Denying children in self-contained classrooms the opportunity to socialize with typical students as much as possible is not only illegal but is discrimination. Just as segregation of African Americans was discrimination so is segregation of disabled children. By not integrating disabled children into mainstream(inclusive) education to the fullest extent possible, they are being discriminated against. This teaches not only disabled students but typical students and the larger community that discrimination against disabled individuals is acceptable. Works Cited Bob Cunningham, Ed. M. Understood.org. n.d. 6 October 2018. . Bullying of Students with Disabilities. n.d. . Gilmore, Linda and Glenn Howard. Childrens Books that Promote Understanding of Difference, Diversity, and Disability. Journal of Psychologists and Counsellors in Schools (2016): 218-251. Huckstadt, Lauren K. and Kristin Shutts. How Young Children Evaluate People With and Without Disabilities. Journal of Social Issues 70.1 (2014): 99-114. 14 October 2018. Jones, Jennifer L. and Lisa R. Hensley. Taking a Closer Look at the Impact of Classroom Placement: Students Share their Perspective from Inside Special Education Classrooms. Educational Research Quarterly 35.3 (2012): 33-49. ProQuest. . Kulusic, Tamara. A Parents Handbook on Inclusive Education. New Westminister: InclusionBC, n.d. . Lindsey, Sally and et al. Exploring Childrens Perceptions of Two School-Based Social Inclusion Programs: A Pilot Study. Child Youth Care Forum (2013): 1-18. Sapon-Shiven, Mara and Sapon-Shiven. Inclusive Education. Encyclopedia of Diversity in Education. 1st. Sage Publications, 2012. . Wrightslaw Least Restrictive Environment/Inclusion Index Page. n.d.

The, Tell Me The Deeds Of Golden Aphrodite - 1307 Words

Muse, tell me the deeds of golden Aphrodite the Cyprian, who stirs up sweet passion in the gods and subdues the tribes of mortal men and birds that fly in air and all the many creatures that the dry land rears, and all that the sea: all these love the deeds of rich-crowned Cytherea. (Hom.Hym.5.5) Aphrodite was beautiful. She was often depicted with flowers and vegetation surrounding her golden aura, representing her connection with fertility. According to the poet Hesiod, Aphrodite was one of the twelve Olympians. The literal meaning of her name is foam born, as she was born from the sea foam that surrounded the immortal flesh, which was the result of the castration of Kronos (Theogony 190). That explains why the Renaissance artist Botticelli depicted her on a giant scallop shell. The Theogony is just one explanation of her creation, which she was born from Kronos alone, and not from a sexual union. As a result she is characterized as the goddess of pure love that has its end not [at ] physical satisfaction but [at] spiritual gratification (CCM). In contrast to the Theogyny’s explanation, Homer, who is most famous for the Odyssey and Iliad, tells of her birth as the result of the relations between Zeus and Dione; thus connecting her as the goddess of sex and procreator of children, whose concerns are of the body and not of the mind, the spirit or the soul (CCM). These different myths of her creation are just the beginning of the many discrepancies throughout her eternalShow MoreRelatedHelen of Troy1286 Words   |  6 Pagesprophecy that he would be the cause of Troy s destruction. Worried, his father King Priamleaves him on Mount Ida, where he is found and raised by the shepherd Agelaus. When he is an adult, he judges Aphrodite as the fairest of the three goddesses,  Hera,  Athena, and  Aphrodite. 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Effective speaking free essay sample

Book title: Public Speaking (Strategies for Success) Author: David Zarefsky Constraints on Effective Persuasive Speaking A good persuasive public speaking is measured by the affect towards the audience after the speaker ends the speech. Sometimes there are constraints that make the speech is not delivered well to the audience. It often takes on the following forms such as selective listening, selective perception and selective influence. Book title: Speech Communication (Principles and Contexts) Authors: Richard F. Whitman Paul H. Boase The Nature of Persuasion The human race has been fascinated with persuasion and persuasive strategies and tactics forever 2000 years. Mostly the nature of persuasion comes within our amily, friends and people who are close with us. Social influence comes from threaten, bribe, cajole, manipulate and even use force to gain the will. Affirmation is compliance-behavior with an associated promise of reward and negation is a form of influence coercion. Book title: Human Communication (The Basic Course) Author: Joseph A. We will write a custom essay sample on Effective speaking or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page DeVito Guidelines for Persuasive Speaking In order to deliver the information to the listeners, speakers are essential to follow the principles of persuasion which are anticipate selective exposure, recognize cultural differences, encourage audience participation, consider prior inoculation, ask or reasonable amounts of change, Foot-in-the-Door Technique, Door-in-the-Face- Technique, stress identification and stress consistency. \ Book title: Public Speaking (An audience-centered approach) Authors: Steven A. Beebe Susan J. Beebe How to Motivate Listeners There are various ways to motivate listeners by using dissonance, listener needs, positive motivation and also negative motivation. These ways are effective because listeners are motivated if speaker assure good things will happen to them if they follow the advice given. Book title: Communicating Effectively Authors: Saundra Hybels Richard L. Weaver II Speaker Credibility Credibility or believability consists of four qualities: expertise, dynamism, trustworthiness, and ethics. Research on persuasion says speakers are more likely to be effective as persuaders if listeners consider it to be credible. To be a credible speaker, experience or knowledge is needed. Most of the credibility in a speech comes from perceiving the speaker as an expert to their subject. Book title: Mastering Public Speaking Authors: George L. Grice John L. Skinner Types of Persuasive Speeches Speeches to convince, speeches to actuate and speeches to acquire are the three ypes of persuasive speeches. Speech to convince is a persuasive speech designed to influence listeners attitudes. Speech to actuate is a speech designed to influence listeners behaviors and speech to inspire is a speech designed to influence listeners feelings. Book title: The Challenge of Effective Speaking Authors: Rudolph F. Verderber Deanna D. Sellnow Kathleen S. Verderber Ethical Guidelines for Persuasive Speeches To convince the audience, there are five ethical guidelines for speakers to follow. The ethical guidelines purpose is to improve the well-being of the audience by dvocating the honest belief of the speaker, use representative supporting information, use emotional appeals to engage the audience in the rational thought process and present the speakers credibility. Book title: Introduction to Speec Author: William J. Seiler Goal of Persuasive Speaking n Communication Persuasion can be define as a communicating process with audience involving verbal and nonverbal messages that changed the audiences attitudes, values, behavior and beliefs in life. The ultimate goal is action whereby successful persuasion reinforces an existing behavior, changes an existing behavior, or leads to new behavior. Adoption is an action goal that needs listeners to show their opinions or attitudes by doing the action suggested by the speaker. Book title: Public Speaking (Concepts and Skills for a Diverse Society) Author: Clella Jaffe Making Persuasive Claims A claim is an assertion thats arguable or open to challenge or a conclusion or generalization that some people will not accept a statement that requires some sort of evidence or support to be believed. It is hard to make the audience agree with speaker so they will claim. There are four types of claims: fact, definition, value, and policy.

Microeconomics Research Paper free essay sample

Supply and Demand Analysis Supply and Demand Analysis Ras Jones Galen University Intermediate Microeconomics (210) Mrs. Ivanka Magana March 4th, 2013 2 Supply and Demand Analysis Table of Contents Abstract Acknowledgement Introduction Modeling and Forecasting Demand of Cereal in Nepal Modeling and Forecasting Demand for Cereal in Nepal Assessing the Cereal Supply Deficit or Surplus Conclusions References 3 4 5 3 Supply and Demand Analysis Abstract The purpose of this paper is to describe three main building blocks of supply and demand analysis which are supply curves, demand curves, and the concept of market equilibrium. The focus of this research is based on information acquired from the eBook provided to us by Galen University. This book is titled â€Å"Microeconomics† a 4th Edition and was written by David A. Basenko and Ronald R. Braeutigam with contributions from Micheal J. Gibbs, The University of Chicago, and Booth School of Business. In the form of a questionnaire, it is established that the demand and supply for corn is used to make many food and industrial products such as corn oil, alcohol and most important corn torilla which all falls under a need to society. We will write a custom essay sample on Microeconomics Research Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Moreover, corn is an interesting crop as we can eat it, we can manufacture consumer products with it, we can wear it as today’s technology is so advanced that corn is used in production of fabrics. As a result, producers of corn products develop a culture of loyalty to its company and to its consumers providing mass amounts of products in accordance to the demand of the product. Overall, the prime concern for corn producer is ensuring that there is sufficient food supply for the future. An analysis made from the questionnaire there is substantial evidence that the supply and demand for corn will always be in demand therefore there needs to be and even flow of supply or equilibrium. 4 Supply and Demand Analysis Acknowledgment This research paper was prepared as a contribution to Mr. Carlos Ivan Magana, Instructor of our Intermediate Microeconomics Course. This project was supported by family, friends and neighbors and I in support to continue the production of corn. 5 Supply and Demand Analysis Introduction Step 1: Address the problem First address the problem! State the overall area of concern (populations-at-risk for injustice or discrimination; need for more functional affiliations for individuals and groups; unethical policies/practices; lack of knowledge in the field, program evaluation within an agency setting derived from a perceived problem, etc. ). Arouse the reader’s interest; tell the reader what to expect in the rest of your paper. Provide brief statistics to indicate the incidence of the problem. For example, if my topic was focused on child maltreatment, I would want to provide current statistics from the â€Å"Child Maltreatment† report published by the Children’s Bureau each year. This report presents national and state child welfare related statistics and can be found at http://www. childwelfare. gov . Step 2: Effect on practice Next, answer the questions, â€Å" How does this problem effect social work practice and/or policy? †(Ethical research requires us to focus our efforts where need is the greatest). Include how it effects individuals, families, groups, and communities when applicable). The potential utility of your study can be: 1) an addition to current knowledge of a problem or a vulnerable population; 2) to put social work theory to an empirical test; 3) to better understand the relationship between variables (like homelessness and housing shortage); or 4) to determine the effectiveness of a treatment method or program (Ex. Program evaluation, cost-benefit analysis, process evaluation, outcome valuation, employee and client satisfaction, an educational intervention, efficacy of a clinical intervention, group, etc. ). Step 3: Summary â€Å"Conclude†¦the introduction with a brief but formal statement of the purpose of the research that summarizes the material preceding it† (American Psychological Association (APA, p. 28). (Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th ed. , 2010, p. 27) 6 Supply and Demand Analysis 7 Supply and Demand Analysis 8 Supply and Demand Analysis References Basenko. D, Braeutigam. R. (2010). Microeconomics, 4th edition. Northwestern University, Kellogg School of Management. Natarajan, R. , Chaturvedi, R. (2003). Geology of the Indian Ocean Floor. Hartford, CT: Merganser University Press. Ligon, M. , Carpenter, K. , Brown, W. , Milsop, A. (1983). Computers in the world of business communications. Hartford, CT: Capital Press. 9 Supply and Demand Analysis Appendix Questionnaire Include a copy of your survey/questions/instrument, IRB approval, and Agency approval letter in the Appendix section

Merits and Demerits of Qualitative Research

Spanish Verbs Morir and Morirse

Spanish Verbs Morir and Morirse Question: I am reading your explanation on caer and caerse and am interested to know if you have addressed morir and morirse. Not being a native speaker, those two verbs are very confusing for me and my students. Answer: Thats a great question. Although some verbs, like caer, are used in the reflexive form to indicate an unexpected action, that isnt the case with morir, which typically means to die (either literally or figuratively). In general, it is always grammatically correct to use morir (the nonreflexive form) to mean to die. Some examples: Mi perrita murià ³ hace 3 dà ­as. My puppy died three days ago. Mi padre murià ³ y no sabemos cul era su contraseà ±a. My father died, and we dont know what his password was. Si elegimos no hacer nada, entonces la esperanza morir. If we choose to do nothing, then hope will die. Muere de cncer la cantante mexicana. The Mexican singer is dying of cancer. Al menos cinco soldados murieron y ocho resultaron heridos. At least five soldiers died and eight were injured. Although not mandatory in such instances, the reflexive form, morirse can be used when speaking about a natural death, especially one that didnt come suddenly. It can also be used when speaking of friends or relatives. Some examples: Los dinosaurios no se murieron de frà ­o. The dinosaurs didnt die of cold. Mi amigo se murià ³ hace dos dà ­as en un trgico accidente. My friend died two days ago in a tragic accident. Yo me morirà © sin tus besos. I will die without your kisses. Me choca cuando se mueren los escritores que me gustan. I am shocked when writers that I like die. Mis abuelos se murieron en Colombia y yo no pude ir a sus funerales. My grandparents died in Colombia and I couldnt go to their funerals. However, this isnt a hard and fast rule. You might also think of morirse as being more informal or less serious-sounding than morir. Or you might think of morirse as a somewhat softer form of the verb. If youre uncertain which one to use, morir is probably the safer choice.

The Importance of Advertising in Marketing Essay

The Importance of Advertising in Marketing - Essay Example Advertising is one of the corporate communication forms used by organizations or firms to encourage, persuade, or influence the audience towards their products. Advertising in most cases creates a perception of the products or services of an organization. Through advertisements, firms are able to reach out to consumers. Nonetheless, there have been serious debates on how advertisements as a form of corporate communication affect gender. Taking a view of the women, advertising has had different perceptions of women. Despite the numerous research studies on advertising gender images of women have spurred so many debates and interest, there is need to conduct a more in-depth analysis of the same. This qualitative research study aims to identify whether advertising gender images of women reinforces or challenges female gender stereotypes. The research uses literature review to create an in-depth analysis of the topic. Methodology chapter provides an overview of how the research study was conducted whilst the findings and discussion provide the understanding of the obtained data. Lastly, a concluding remark provides a summary of the main points of the study. The marketing and particularly the presence of consumption appeared in England in the era of post civil war. The consumption behaviors in England did benefit from the free wage labor force to produce commodities (Bocock, 1993). The important cultural heritage of Puritanism was a powerful part of the cultures of England, Scotland, and Wales in addition to a selection of similar cultures that was transferred to North America and Australasia. British Puritanism has exhibited some values that viewed spending money on clothes for men and children as a luxury; this has extended to not spending money on expensive meals.  However, British values to some extent have encouraged spending money on building houses and furnishing them without paying much detail to decorations.

Industry Analysis, Target Market, and Competition Analysis of Plastic Essay

Industry Analysis, Target Market, and Competition Analysis of Plastic Surgery Center in Morris County, NJ - Essay Example Plastic Surgery Center in Morris County, NJ is one of the most well-known centers in this region. The present marketing activity of Plastic Surgery Center in Morris County profiles as well as overviews industry and situational analysis. A comprehensive overview of the SWOT and industry on the whole give insights on marketing strategy to follow in order to retain existing and attract new customers, who would become regulars. Thus, the analysis identifies marketing problem and offers marketing focus, objectives, program as well as tactics for the marketing plan implementation. The final part provides information on evaluation and control of the marketing implementation. The Plastic Surgery Center provides beauty services to men and women. The main types of services are Breast augmentation, Breast lift, Breast reconstruction, facelift, liposuction, total body lift, Botox, laser skin resurfacing, chemical peels, different types of message, etc. Plastic Surgery Center surgeons pride themselves on superb-quality services with innovative and stunning technology that provide excellent value to the customers. Plastic Surgery Center has positioned itself as a provider of superior service and products to all clients at an affordable price in convenient locations appealing to all family members. The centre has managed to position itself on the high-end of the service providing due to high standards for its customers, who are specially trained for high performance and consulting (Black 44). The strategic focus of all companies in this industry is providing hairdressing services with the superior quality and value for the customers. Efforts are aimed at providing friendly, efficient service from professional surgeons who are well-trained doctors to make the experience memorable and provide for loyal customers. The efforts are incorporated with the Centre's mission and vision as well as with the corporate culture instilled in the team, which according to the company's belief are the things that can bring a big difference (Doyle and Stern 98). The Plastic Surgery Center vision statementis to be a great business that is based on principles of: Profitability Friendliness Creativeness Consistency Great Value Cutting Edge Community mindedness ("Practice Philosophy". 2009). The Plastic Surgery Center puts emphasis on its clients receiving a service of a great value. The goal of marketing campaign, thus, is to retain existing customers and attract new customers, who would become long-term regular loyal customers, by the means of primary services as well as pleasant additional elements, which range from prices to the superior professional and products in terms of provided services. Situation analysis provides an insight on the Centre's position within the industry as well as overview of competitors, customers, industry trends. SWOT analysis outlines Plastic Surgery Center key strengths and weaknesses as well as describes opportunities and threats that its salons may face (Plastic Surgery Center in Morris County NJ 2009). Strengths Established brand equity and name in the industry Strong and business committed franchisees Well-trained medical professionals with high standard skills and creative customer-focused approaches Convenient locations and physical evidence elements in the centres, which are located

Industrial Revolution and Unemployment in UK Essay

Industrial Revolution and Unemployment in UK - Essay Example Certainly, the revolution implicated increased per capita in the society, but the problem was that the rate of unemployment increased and the semiskilled laborers were rendered inefficient thus they lose their employment positions (Wilson 142). However, the rate of unemployment challenged all individuals in the UK society since the revolution presented a definite boundary between the employers and employees. Ideally, United Kingdom was the first economy that witnessed fast revolutionary changes during the industrial edge, and the people witnessed inequities in securing employment positions. Further, the differences between the society emerged in accordance to social classes, genders, and the levels of literacy challenged the society adversely. For example, an historical factory worker named Edward Carpenter from Wales who previously served as a weaver lost his employment in the height industrial revolution. Since Richard Arkwright’s introduction of the Spinning Jenny, Edward s ecured an employment position as a factory superintendent in the late 19th century involved himself in a series of deeds that led to his death, and the death of a female factory worker. The following discussion evaluates the various existing arguments on the effects of the industrial revolution with an outline of the subsequent impacts that it presented to the society. Lastly, the discussion shall also involve Edward Carpenter social life and economic progress in the United Kingdom’s society during the industrial revolution period (Garside 68). An argumentative discussion on Edward Carpenter’s issues during the industrial revolution period Arguably, the industrial revolution influenced the English society to embark on various social and economic changes during the period. Edward was a weaver and having lived during the period, he worked at the Edmund Cartwright Looming Company to carry out managerial duties (Hill 241). However, the predominant aspect in Edward’s life is that the weaving community reigned over the UK’s clothing groups thus; he was able to secure a senior position in the looming firm despite the norm that the young generation was overly accepted as the most efficient workers in the factories thus rendering most of the mature population unacceptable in the society. Similarly, industrial revolution seemed the most influential factor to social divisions as the society recurred to the use of employer and employee title depending on the position that one held in the labor industry (Wilson 146). Differences in the UK society highlighted that the industrial race introduced many of the technological advancements that led to the loss of tenure for the self-employed individuals since a task that was previously undertaken by a broad number of individuals in the society transformed abruptly to require a few workers and the use of machines to produce a worthwhile output. Therefore, such changes transformed the economical perspecti ve of Edward. Preferably, he turned out to be an employee who had limited time for other activities while his former weaving profession enabled him to address family, and other social issues (Tosh 75). Edward Carpenter’s undocumented history impounds the anti-social practices that existed during the time (Wilson 148). Child labor was prevalent, but it was poorly addressed during the industrial edge. The struggling character’s practices posed poor approaches to production, and delivery of the looms since he lacked factory-working skills, which differed broadly with his former weaving skills. Mainly, the use of machinery rendered hand weaving a useless tenure since the invented

The Corrosion Of Metals Engineering Essay

The Corrosion Of Metals Engineering Essay Each year, billions of dollars are spent on repairing and preventing the damage of metal parts caused by corrosion, the electrochemical deterioration of metals. The majority of metallic materials in a practical context are generally exposed to corrosion in both atmospheric and aqueous environments. Metallic corrosion has become a global problem which has negatively affected the industrialised society; hence why it has been studied in such comprehension since the beginning of the industrial revolution in the late eighteenth century. Corrosion also affects the average daily life both directly, as it affects the commonly used service possessions and indirectly, as producers and suppliers of goods and services incur corrosion costs, which they pass on to consumers. (ASM International, 2012). The effects of corrosion are distinctively recognized on automobile parts, charcoal grills and metal tools all of which will have a depleted efficiency once corroded. This corrosion may result in con tamination which then poses health risks. For example, the pollution due to escaping product from corroded equipment or due to a corrosion product itself. As a result of these consequences, corrosion prevention has been studied in great depth. Corrosion of various metals may be prevented by applying a coating of paint, lacquer, grease of a less active metal to keep out air and moisture. These coatings will continue to suppress the effects of coating so long as they stay intact. Examples of metals that are heavily protected in the industrial world are iron and aluminium. Vast quantities of the ores or each metal are mined and processed each year using large scale chemical reactions to produce metals of the purity required for their end use. For this report, the chemistry involved in the corrosion of both iron and aluminium will be researched as well as the methods employed to prevent their corrosion. Justification as to why corrosion happens will be explained with reference to physic al and chemical properties, electrochemistry, equilibrium, rates of reaction, enthalpy and solubility at every point where it is appropriate. Before explaining why corrosion happens, it is important to define corrosion in terms of electrochemical processes. An electrochemical reaction is defined as a chemical reaction involving the transfer of electrons through redox. Corrosion is a broad and complex subject that can be examined in three different categories; electrochemical corrosion, galvanic corrosion and electrolytic corrosion. In all forms of corrosion, three components must be present an anode, a cathode, a metallic path for electrons to flow through, and an electrolyte for the ions to flow through. Both the anode and the cathode must be in contact with the electrolyte to allow the ions to flow. As well as this, oxygen and hydrogen must also be available, either directly or as a result of chemical action and the resultant dissociation of water into its two constituents. In this report, electrochemical will be investigated in terms of its spontaneous nature and self-sustainability. Firstly, spontaneity is dependent on the sign of free energy. Gibbs free energy can be defined by the following equation:; where is the enthalpy, is entropy and is the temperature in kelvins. When is negative, the reaction will occur spontaneously (Zhang, H. 2012). For this to occur the entropy must increase and the enthalpy must decrease. This can be proven as a system of spontaneity aims towards disorder which directly coincides with entropy. Also, the change in enthalpy must be negative as thermal energy will be released from the energy stored within chemical bonds in a spontaneous system. Furthermore, in this electrochemical procedure, the negative electrode is the cathode and the positive electrode is the anode. Note that metals are used as they are good conductors of electric current due to the specific ionic bonding which then allows the electrons to be delocalized and move relatively freely. When these two electrodes are connected by a wire, free electrons flow through the wire from the anode to the cathode forming an electric current. Both the anode and cathode are submerged in separate substances respective to the elements of both electrodes from which the positive ions are attracted to the anode and the negative electrons are attracted to the cathode. The anode atoms are being oxidised as they are losing electrons and forming positive ions which then dissolves into solution. This results in a loss of overall quantity of zinc metal. In practical terms, this could be considered the pitting of the corrosion process which can be defined as a form of extremely local ized corrosion that leads to the creation of small holes in the metal (ASM International, 1987). Electrons formed at the anode travel to the cathode where they combine with the positive ions in solution to turn into the respective metal. Therefore the cathodic ions in solution are being reduced as they are gaining electrons. This production of extra cathode metal can be compared with rust which is a reddish- or yellowish-brown flaky coating of iron oxide that is formed on a metal by redox reactions. With just this in mind, the electric current would flow for only a limited time as the anode would have a build-up of positive ions being formed. While at the cathode increased amounts of electrons are being pumped into it. The result is an excessive positive charge that builds up at the anode that attracts electrons (negative) and prevents them moving away. While at the cathode the negative build up repels the electrons. As a consequence of this build-up of charge, no electron flow occurs and the cell eventually fails (Dynamic Science, 2012). Note that a solution cannot have a full charge and only a partial charge. To negate this issue, a salt bridge is used which contains ions that complete the circuit by moving freely from the bridge to the half cells. The substance that is placed into the salt bridge is usually an inert electrolyte whose ions are neither involved in any electrochemical change nor do they react chemically with the electrolytes in the two half-cells (IIT, 2012). As well as completing the circuit, it ensures that the charge between the two half cells remains electrically neutral. It does this by passing negative ions into the anodic half-cell where there shall be an accumulation of extra positive ions due to oxidation resulting in a slightly positive charge. Similarly, an accumulation of negative ions will exist in the cathodic half-cell due to the deposition of positive ions by reduction. Electrical neutralization is once again achieved by the salt bridge providing positive ions to the cathodic substance. Thus, the salt bridge maintains electrical neutrality. IRON CORROSION Only a few metals, such as copper, gold and platinum occur naturally in their elemental forms. Most metals occur in nature as oxides in ores, combined with some unusable metal like clay or silica. Ores must be processed to get the pure metals out of them, and there are nearly as many different processes for this purpose as there are metals. The process, as well as the elements present, greatly influences the properties of the metal. An important characteristic of metals is the extremely significant effect that very small amounts of other elements can have upon their properties. The huge difference in properties resulting from a small amount of carbon allowed with iron to make steel is an example of this. Taking into consideration the amount of iron that is used globally, the effect of corrosion on iron alone requires millions of dollars each year. The problem with iron as well as many other metals is that the oxide formed by oxidation does not firmly adhere to the surface of the meta l and flakes off easily causing pitting (KKC, 2012). Extensive pitting eventually causes structural weakness and disintegration of the metal. The iron oxide acts as a sacrificial anode which is a stronger reducing agent than iron that is oxides instead of the protected metal. Therefore it can be said that it acts as the anode. Since the oxide does not firmly adhere, it does little to protect the iron metal. As mentioned, iron in contact with moisture and air (oxygen) is corroded by a redox reaction. The anode reaction can be expressed as an oxidation of iron atoms: Both water and oxygen are required for the next sequence of reactions. The iron ions are further oxidized to form ferric ions (iron ) ions. This can be written as: These electrons are then conducted through the metal and are used to reduce atmospheric oxygen to hydroxide at another region of the iron. Therefore the cathodic reaction is: Considering that iron atoms dissolve at the anodic sides to form pits and ions which diffuse toward the cathodic sites; ions are formed at cathodic sites diffuse toward the anodic sites. Iron (II) hydroxide forms in a random location between the cathode and the anode which is then oxidised by atmospheric oxygen to iron (III) hydroxide. This can be expressed by: From here, the iron (III) hydroxide is then gradually converted to rust otherwise known as hydrated iron (III) oxide: ; Where generally equals 3. The formation of rust does not have a designated position as it can occur at random away from the actual pitting or corrosion of iron. A possible explanation of this is that the electrons produced in the initial oxidation of iron be electrically conducted through the metal and the iron ions can diffuse through the water layer to another position on the metal surface which is available to the atmospheric oxygen (KKC, 2012). Also, points of stress, such as where the piece of metal has been shaped, are more active than unstressed regions and thus act as anodic sites. The electric current between the anodic and cathodic sites is completed by ion migration; thus, the presence of electrolytes increases the rate of corrosion by hastening this mitigation. Therefore it is evident that the corrosion of iron can be directly related to a voltaic cell and can both be defined as electrochemical cells due to their spontaneous nature. ALUMINIUM CORROSION Similar to Iron, aluminium is also susceptible to electrochemical corrosion when exposed to moister. Aluminium, both in its pure state and allow, is truly a remarkable metal as it is light, tough, strong and readily worked by all common processes. Unlike iron however, It has excellent resistant to corrosion in the marine environment, and it requires little maintenance. The fundamental reactions of the corrosion of aluminium in aqueous medium have been the subject of many studies. In simplified terms, the oxidation of aluminium in water proceeds according to the equation (ELSIVIER, 2012): This specific reaction is balanced by a simultaneous reduction reaction, similar to iron, in ions available in the solution which then consumes the oxidised electrons. In an aqueous solution such as fresh water, seawater or moisture, thermodynamic considerations can be used to represent only two possible reduction reactions that can occur. The other occurring reaction is the reduction of oxygen dissolved in the moisture: Quite similar to the corrosion of iron, the aluminium atoms dissolve at the anodic sites to once again form pits and which diffuse toward the cathodic sites while ions are formed at the cathodic sites and diffuse toward the anodic sites. Therefore: ; Where generally equals 3. Although aluminium is still susceptible to corrosion, the metal itself is very resistive. Aluminium alloys generally have excellent resistance to atmospheric corrosion; require no protective coatings or maintenance beyond cleaning, which aids greatly in preventing unsightly pitting where dirt or salt accumulate. When aluminium is exposed to oxygen, it forms an oxide surface film that protects it from corrosive attack. The oxide acts as a sacrificial anode which is a stronger reducing agent than aluminium. It is then oxidised instead of the protected aluminium metal, serving as the anode. For the most part, damage due to atmospheric corrosion is pretty much limited to fairly slightly pitting of the surface with no significant loss of material or strength. Duration of exposure is an important consideration in aluminium allows, the rate of corrosion decreases with time to a low steady rate regardless of the type of allow or the specific environment. Thus corrosion of both aluminium and iron can both be defined as electrochemical processes which are similar in nature but have different protection potentials. PROTECTION METHODS Corrosion avoidance begins in the design process. Although corrosion concerns may ultimately reduce structural integrity, they should be a consideration to decrease money loss. Good maintenance practices are another way of avoiding corrosion, such as rinsing away salt water or avoid standing water. Corrosion protection systems, for the most part, are designed to control corrosion, not necessarily eliminate it. The primary goal is to reduce the rate of corrosion by having the smallest possible current. Current is defined as the flow of charge, or electrons, per time through a conductor hence. Since corrosion is the movement of electrons through redox, it can be quantified using this equation which represents the corrosion reaction per time or the corrosion rate. To do this, two efficient protection methods are available: cathodic protection systems and coatings. All cathodic protection schemes operate on the basis of the voltaic corrosion process, so like voltaic corrosion; cathodic protection systems require an anode, a cathode, an electrical connection and an electrolyte. Cathodic protection will not reduce the corrosion rate if any of these four things are missing. The basis of this protection method depends on the difference in corrosion potentials between the two metals immersed in the same electrolyte. This causes electrons to flow from the metal with the higher activity and negative potential (anode) to the metal with less activity and negative potential (cathode). This flow of electrons continues until the two metals are at the same potential, that is, there is equilibrium between the voltages. Electrode potential is a measure of the tendency for a material to be reduced e.g. accepts electrons. Also, activity is a measure of how easily a metal will give up electrons. Thus, the more active a metal is, the more negative the electrode p otential. This principle, directly relates to the two types of cathodic protection systems: sacrificial anode systems called passive protection and impressed current systems also known as active protection. Sacrificial anode systems are simple, require little but regular maintenance, and have low installation costs. We intentionally add a metal to the circuit to supply the electrons to the cathode. When metals are in a voltaic couple, the difference in there negative potentials causes the anodic metal to corrode and release metallic ions into the electrolyte. The more negativity in the corrosion potential means it will be a stronger reducing agent and will more readily give away electrons thus corroding first. Since the more negative metal in the closed circuit corrodes first, we can control corrosion by simply adding to the circuit a metal that possess two necessary characteristics: a corrosion potential more negative than the metal that is being protected, it is expendable which is not essential to the operation of any particular system. Therefore when a metal possessing these characteristics is made the anode, corrosion is controlled. The impressed-current type of cathodic protection system depends on an external source of direct current. Alternating current cannot be used since the protected metal would likewise be alternating, between anodic and cathodic. Basically, the anode is immersed in the electrolyte is connected to one side of a DC power supply and the metal to be protected is connected to the other side. The voltaic current flow is detected and measure against a reference electrode. If unfavourable, current flow is adjusted automatically by the power supply control system to compensate. Due to the high currents involved in many seawater systems, it is not uncommon to use impressed current systems in marine situations. Impressed current systems use anodes (ICCP anode) of a type that are not easily dissolved into metallic ions, but rather sustain an alternative reaction, oxidization of the dissolved chloride ions (Deepwater, 2012). Advantages of this cathodic protection are that they can develop so much higher voltages than sacrificial anode systems, so they can either push current through lower conductivity electrolytes or through longer distances. Disadvantages include the possibility of over protecting certain metals. This can cause hydrogen embrittlement in high strength steels. In aluminium specifically, accelerated corrosion can occur of the very structure that is being protected. Therefore it is evident that this form of cathodic protection, although more complex, poses some reliable advantages as well as some detrimental disadvantages.

Cloning and Genetical Enginering - If it Aint Broke, Why Fix it? :: Argumentative Persuasive Argument Essays

Cloning and Genetical Enginering - If it Ain't Broke, Why Fix it? Taking a Pro or Con stand on cloning is difficult, because we know very little about genes, and there are different genetic sciences involved. We must, as Socrates so sagaciously points out, define the subject. Only then can we debate it. There is obviously the full-bore version of cloning, being the complete duplication of an existing life-form, be it plant, animal, or human. (I separate animal and human purely for logistics.) We copy Sheep A's genes, strand by strand, and produce an exact duplicate. Meet Sheep B, C and D. Then, there is gene therapy, which is not cloning proper, but genetics nevertheless, and therefore, worth mentioning. Gene therapy is the process of splicing out malevolent genes, like cerebral palsy, schizophrenia, and physical deformations. There is also the dangerous gene mutation: Rearranging D.N.A. in the hopes of discovering how genes work, and hopefully, producing new wonders of plant, animal, and human life. Essentially playing cards with God, vainly hoping He'll fold. All these possibilities are difficult to discuss, for they are fledgling sciences. We know very little of genes or D.N.A., which was only discovered in1951 by Francis Crick, James Watson, and Maurice Wilkins using X-ray diffraction. Realizing my relative lack of knowledge concerning this subject, and realizing there are probably numerous, and very wise, arguments refuting mine, I shall, nevertheless, make my stand: The pseudo-science of gene mutation is, at best, a risky experiment. To casually rearrange a thousand genes, as if building a new house of Legos, is exceedingly dangerous. We have only cataloged a few genes. We do not know if the order is important. And just as the child attempts a castle with his Legos, and ends up with a blue house with two chimneys, we end up with an abomination. Let us stick to Tinker-toys, shall we? Besides, mutations, by definition, are mistakes in the architectural blue-prints of life. Although evolution is made possible by mutations, these mutations are slight and minor ones. One gene is dropped, tweaked, or duplicated. But the thousand remaining genes are untouched, in the same intangible, enigmatic, but important, order. This, combined with natural selection, relieves the gene pool of any dangerous or extraordinary change, and only allows the subtle, positive changes to take hold.

Light in August Essay

Violently employed, religion sallies forth the souls and lives of the Deep South. Consequently, â€Å"the weight of God’s wrath, according to the Bible, becomes white men’s ‘burden’ to carry [†¦]† (Bush 1). Bible Revealed through myriad characters, Light in August not only proves that Southerners inculcate their practice of religion but also engender religious brutality. Presented through Reverend Hightower, Doc Hines, and Mr. McEachern, Light in August establishes distinctive notions of faith. Reverend Hightower â€Å"believed with a calm joy that if ever there was a shelter, it would be the Church; that if ever the truth could walk naked and without shame or fear, it would be the seminary† (Faulkner 478). Diverging from Hightower, Mr. McEachern, viciously pious, believes that â€Å"the two virtues are a work and fear of God† (Faulkner 144). Blinded by his own version of religious life is Mr. Hines. Through lives of these characters, religious views with power from the Bible are evident. The initial moment Mr. McEachern adopts Joe Christmas, he emphasizes the significance of religion. In a serious manner, while introducing himself he avers, â€Å"†¦I will have you learn soon that the two abominations are sloth and idle thinking, the two virtues are work and the fear of God† (Faulkner 144). From a failure to memorize the â€Å"Presbyterian catechism,† Joe receives routine whippings from Mr. McEachern merely at the age of eight. (Faulkner 147). Habitual whippings â€Å"desensitized† Joe towards pain and violence; as a result, receiving them did not have an effect of him. (Faulkner 149). Using violence to teach religion, Mr.  McEachern employs two opposite methods which alter Joe’s mentality. Because the punishment and pain he receives from McEachern, he refuses to learn anything religious; consequently, Joe sees religion as pain. Without reservation, the single answer to this young boy’s incapability to memorize is severe punishment. â€Å"He believes that his job was to teach Joe his religion even if it meant by force, hence, his means to achieve this goal was relentless physical punishment. † (Bush 2) His own inability â€Å"to do God’s work† is his own failure as well, which tremendously frustrates him. This brutal implementation causes Joe to see Mr. McEachern and â€Å"His† religion as antagonists. Moreover, one night as Joe returns home accompanied by a number of bruises and marks, Mr. McEachern asks if Joe left a mark on the person he fought with. He does not ask who he is fighting with or why he is fighting; therefore, this proves to Joe that violence is tolerable. With his pants around his knees while McEachern sadistically beats him ten strokes per whipping, Joe ‘did not flinch. ’ The boy stares outward ‘with a rapt, calm expression like a monk’ (Faulkner 149). The scene demonstrates how a young child is taught, through brutal religious fanaticism, [†¦], he is nothing more than an animal: ‘Joe rose from the bed and went and knelt in the corner [†¦ ] above the outraged food kneeling, with his hands he ate, like a savage, like a dog. ’ (Bush 1) Faulkner produces characters that illustrate a failure to amend. Joe still receives that same punishment at the age of eighteen as he did when he was eight. Out of fear, Joe lies to Mr. McEachern about selling the heifer just to save himself from physical punishment; however, treating him as if he’s still young, Mr.  McEachern strikes Joe after discovering his lie. Present, Faulkner suggests a yearning of vengeance in Joe as he asserts, â€Å"Don’t you hit me again† (Faulkner 164-5). The last time Mr. McEachern attempts to strike Joe steers him to his death. Despite teaching Joe the peace, love and joy of religion, McEachern forcefully teaches Joe his own extreme vision of religion, the dark side. As a result, McEachern fails; he also lessens Joe’s feelings and emotions. Inherently, Joe inherits violence through the lessons of Mr. McEachern.

Ideal Healt And Insurence System Essays - Political Philosophy

Ideal Healt And Insurence System Essays - Political Philosophy Ideal Healt And Insurence System The development of liberal thought began in the seventeen-century England. Often, constitutional monarchy is perceived as a beginning of liberalism. Growth of commercial middle classes and wealth accumulation and consumption, leaded to a new, individualistic morality. The individual is a basic unit of the liberalism ideology. Supreme goals of a liberal political system are preservation of the individual and attainment of individual happiness. That includes the preservation of the individual properties, that is individual life, liberty and estate, and the task of the government was to help the individual in doing so. Individual is to be regarded as inviolable and human life as a sacrosanct, so the violence is prohibited except in preservation of liberal society. This ideology respects all persons as moral beings with equal sensitivity (but at the same time it doesnt take women in account.). Individual is assumed to be essentially rational, so it could be considered the prime source of value, which determines justification of participatory rather than authoritarian government. Liberalism diminishes importance of social whole, which is considered not to have any rights against individuals. This outlook can be called atomistic. Liberal theorists are u nwilling to invoke concepts such as the common good and public interests. The only common good they want recognize is the maximization of the aggregate of individual benefits. On the economic side 18th- and 19th-century liberalism based itself on the sovereignty of the market and the natural harmony of interests. On this view, if individuals are left free to pursue their self-interest in an exchange economy based upon a division of labour, the welfare of the group as a whole will necessarily be enhanced. Classical liberal economists describe a self-adjusting market mechanism free from all teleological influences. While moral goals are invoked and ethical criteria presupposed in passing ultimate judgment on the system, they play no part in determining the sequence of events within it. The one propelling force is the selfishness of the individual, which becomes harnessed to the public good because in an exchange economy he must serve others in order to serve himself. It is only in a free market, however, that this consequence can ensue; any other arrangement must lead to regimentation, exploitation, and economic stagnation. Spiritual side of individual was acknowledged in assumption that man is a free, rational and self improving being, and that his natural state is freedom. The duty of government was to provide the conditions to individual to enjoy the maximum possible freedom within a frame of law. The hallmark of the liberalism is a concern with the limits of authority and opposition to state interference with individual activities. Classical Liberals tend to define freedom in negative forms, for example, freedom from government regulation, and to opposite to almost all government activity. The role of the state is to perform as a device for performing the residual tasks which individual self-interest leaves undone. The guiding principle of historical liberalism has been an undeviating insistence on limiting the power of government. The main concept is that economic freedom is a key to individual liberty. On the other handand this is a basic difference between classical and contemporary liberalismmost liberals now believe that the dispensations of the market, as it has in fact operated, must be supplemented and corrected in substantive ways. They contend that enormous social costs incurred in production are not reflected in market prices, and that

bushido and hollywood essays

bushido and hollywood essays The movie, The Last Samurai, wasnt far off from the philosophical ideals of Inazo Nitobe. I do agree, however, that it did not go in depth about the ideal of bushido. However, I do not see many interpreted facts about bushido. The samurai in the movie is shown as the brave and honorable warriors described in the book, Bushido. I believe Hollywood never could portray the true meaning very well in the movie. It is hard to go in depth so much through a movie. I did enjoy the movie very much. However, according to the feudal systems and the way of the Bushido, it wasnt too clearly expressed in the movie. Bushido talks about how the warriors came about, and shows how the feudal system worked. It expresses the ways of the samurai and goes in depth into their ideals. The Last Samurai does go into some point about how the samurai work; however, it doesnt show in depth why they do such things. There were still many hidden meanings and many people only watched the movie for the fighting. The movie, itself, of course was superb, but if someone were to watch to understand the way of bushido, they wouldnt get what they wanted. It is only a quarter of dollar. It does not give the entire dollar. The Bushido ideals were not fully expressed in the movie and the movie lacked many reasons of why the samurai did what they needed to. There was too much focus on Nathan Algren (Tom Cruise) and overcoming his regret of his past. It focuses him just realizing that there are different ways of looking at life rather than using western machinery. It does not really go into depth about the samurais ideal life and their bushido. It doesnt expand out in a good manner of explaining the bushido way and why the samurai honor it so much. The last samurai basically talks about the story of one man. It does integrate some of bushido ideals, however, it lacks many in depth details. It is understandable since he...

Issues in Global Political Economy Research Paper

Issues in Global Political Economy - Research Paper Example As the research stresses natural resource abundance hinders economic growth. Many countries in African have plenty of natural resources such as gold, oil, and copper among many others. More than two-thirds of their products moving outside the country are natural resources, and yet these nations are poor and politically unstable. The countries depend on foreign investors for their economic feasibility. As the paper discusses some countries rich in oil minerals such as Iran, Kuwait, and Libya experienced slow growth in the last several decades. Moreover, members of the OPEC, in general, experience a fall in the GNP per capita whereas states not rich in minerals enjoyed a growth in their GNP per capita. South Africa went through a period of de-industrialization and a disappointing economic growth in the 1970's during the boom in gold prices. Several factors led the effects key of them being that the real exchange rate appreciated, and depreciation followed after that. The world saw a shift in making of cocoa paste from countries such as Peru and Venezuela to Colombia after the disruption of the air bridge. Consequently, a booming demand for Colombian coca was experienced, and many people in Columbia became self-employed, and teenagers in the rural areas got work to do. Although, the boom had economic spillover effects as well as financial opportunities it marked the beginning of viol ence and conflicts in major cities.

American Music History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

American Music History - Essay Example The drummer and the male dancer compete against each other by increasing the tempo and making the rhythm more intricate, progressively. Rumba is not really the name of a single dance, rather a genre of dances originating in Cuba. The two to four beat rhythm, which is common to all Cuban dances, is called the Clave rhythm, as it is played by two sticks called claves. The tempo changes but never gets too fast as the couple sway from side to side suggestively, holding each other at approximately arm’s length. Initially danced to African music, the songs for the Rumba gradually converted into Spanish. The Rumba has strayed into contemporary Flamenco, Blues and even Rock music and is continually evolving thanks to newer, experimental artists. Popularized in the USA by the sensational Carmen Miranda, the Samba has its origins in Brazil and Africa. Bossa Nova emerged in protest to the commercialization of Samba in the 1960s. It is called jazz samba as it blends jazz music with the upbeat rhythms of the samba seamlessly. It was more intimate and lacked the flamboyance of Samba. The song ‘Desafinado’ introduced the term Bossa Nova. Musicians like Miles Davis and Pat Metheny draw great inspiration from the Bossa Nova tradition. Salsa, literally meaning sauce, originated in Cuba, and by the end of the 1970s became a major component of   almost all vernacular fields. It is quintessentially Cuban music, long held a substyle, and although it originally was defined by upbeat, spirited Cuban music, it slowly developed a Latin tinge to it, although retaining that Cuban flavour as well. Today, we define salsa generally as Latin-African music, and what was once dance band music, albeit music incorporating varied rhythms, complex instrumentations and sounds, usage of flutes and violins, under various Puerto Rican and South American influences, and with the inclusion of jazz, has now grown to be a highly sophisticated style of music capable of being molded into

Editorial portrait Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Editorial portrait - Essay Example This is determined by indoor or outdoor situations where the approach is to light the interior and subject and calculate the exposure based on the interior and exterior lighting. A perfect example is the work of Art P Suwansang on the bridal image with outdoor lighting. This enables the photographer to take perfect photos valid for editorial portrait (Rand & Meyer, 125). The beauty of an editorial portrait is also determined by the wardrobe of the correspondents. This implies that clothes are essential factor in setting the scene and outlining hidden information behind the portrait. Many viewers and readers determine the feel of the portrait using clothes worn by correspondents. It places a subject in specific time to match the situation and motive of the portrait. For instance, renowned photographer Anna Williams believes that having the best wardrobe combination is a perfect idea in photography. That is why shirt or any piece of clothing may inspire viewers and readers in a photo. At the same time, a black leather jacket may inspire a rebel without cause themed shoot (Garret 1). Props also play an important role in telling a story in editorial portraits. An individual can use props to accentuate their message to their viewers and readers. According to Benning Arjan, a popular photographer, taking portraits entails gathering simple objects. When taking pictures, photographers should incorporate an interesting chair, an old clock or unique pair of glass to inspire an entire shoot. Keep the props in mind to fit the concept that has been developed for an entire shoot (Adler, 9). In conclusion, it is evident that environment, wardrobe and props are essential factors in creating a perfect editorial portrait. The photographers should be cautious in the entire shoot in order to come up with an interesting and fascinating picture for the readers and

Contemporary Designers Essay Example for Free

Contemporary Designers Essay Contemporary designers are creators of objects, buildings or surroundings that rely on characteristics such as lines, smooth and sleek surfaces, very little intricate details. There designs are spacious and/or comfortable, with the asset of clutter. However they must study design history because to open their mind to the past they will learn new ideas and ideologies, â€Å"To know nothing of what happened before you were born is to remain forever a child,† Marcus Tullius Cicero, a famous philosopher (106-43 BC)1. The 3 main reasons why learning design history is useful are firstly because it will help advance and learn from success and failures. Secondly to maintain sustainability within our world for future generations and thirdly to learn more about other past cultures. Researching history is valuable in learning from successes and failures for contemporary designers. Confucius (551–479 BC) a famous Chinese teacher and philosopher supports this and explains how we should â€Å"Study the past if you would define the future.†2 From ancient civilisations we have learnt to take these valuable skills and accomplishments to help build our outstanding society today. For example Roman buildings (27BC- 476 AD) has lasted for more than 2,000 years and they have given us 3 main successful architectural elements to learn and base new designs upon: the arch, the vault, and concrete. The main one of these for contemporary designers to look upon is the arch and concrete in which we can use their useful elements of strength to help buildings last longer. The Pont du Gard Aqueduct Bridge (seen in Appendix Picture 1) in France is a great element that was successfully created and, consists of three tiers of arches, with smaller arches on the top tier.4 The Roman Coliseum was made of concrete and consisted of arches structured within its design. It was built in 72-80 CE5 and still stands today and designers can learn from these past successes of strength within the design using these characteristics which are important for future projects in allowing them to be more long lasting to teach future generations also, â€Å"History is for human self-knowledge the only clue to what man can do is what man has done† – David Hume, philosopher.6 We can also learn from the mistakes of design, and try to avoid them next time. George Santayana a famous philosopher   scholar and novelists supports this by explaining that, Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it.7 For example the collapse of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge shocked everyone in 1940 as it was the most modern suspension bridge for its time. The cause of its destruction was the random action of turbulent wind. From these failures however industrialists and architects learnt that the design failed due to excessive flexibility, drag and lift created by the solid plate girder and meniscal aerodynamic forces acknowledged.9 Attributes like this we can use to steer clear from and learn to think about what aspects will affect our design to base what designers may create on what was successful from the pass – â€Å"Instead we must be willing to face our past now, overcome it, and from this we will learn from it forever,† J. Johnson (Musician).10 The second reason why it is useful from learning from design history is for sustainability. This is an important factor for our future as a whole as the Future Annual Report Sates (2000), â€Å"Sustainable development is a dynamic process which enables all people to realise their potential, and to improve their quality of life, in ways which simultaneously protect and enha nce the Earths life support systems.†11 The sustainable materials and structures are simple ways of past civilisations portraying to contemporary designers simple and effective ways to be â€Å"green.† For example the ancient Persian Wind Towers (Seen in Appendix Picture 2) were elaborate ventilation and cooling systems and rivals the contemporary equivalents today. They use a mixture of structural positioning, pressure differences and running water. They are wind catcher structures and control temperatures even in the severest of desert environment with cool nights and scorching hot days.13 Another is the Passive solar Orientation for heating.14 This was introduced by the ancient Greeks. Much like our world today they ran into fuel shortages so they had to think about how to maximise heat gain and the retention during winter months. They did this by building cities/houses towards the southern exposure to capture the sun’s rays.15 Now a days designers just build things without purpose or sustainability wasting resources and harming the earth and they need to natural resources are allow and we need to sustain ourselves sometime in the future, supported by Victor Papanek a famous designer â€Å" by choosing materials and processes that pollute the air we breathe, designers have become a dangerous breed.16 The third reason to  why contemp orary designers should learn about design history is to preserve culture and sites and which will also create a sense of place, because the past is the root of our society values and it is what makes us today which is why we should acknowledge its importance â€Å"A person without the knowledge of their past history, origin and culture is like a tree without roots† Marcus Garvey (Jamaican political leader). Contemporary designers should design something whereby people can learn about contemporary cultures a lot more by visiting where they have thrived. For example when visiting the ancient Mayan temples in Mexico, citizens will have a greater understanding of the origins of Mexican values as well as their culture from the Pre-classic period to the Colonial period. In addition to learn about our culture and where we come from can help not just the general public but also researchers helping us to understand more about ourselves scientifically opening our mind to new discoveries and technologies â€Å"Culture is the widening of the mind and of the spirit, † Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime minister of India.19 Heritage sites can tell us about pass species like the Galapagos Islands and tell us about evolution as well as the Valcamonica rock art in Italy (seen in picture 3 of appendix).20 It can explain how human societies developed, teaching us more about our past creating a sens e of place and important knowledge of where we came from, which is what designers should do and create something that will help and form the future. -Every piece of history is a piece of human nature, Joss Whedon, an American writer. They should have the motivation to design a product or building that will be remembered that will push the boundaries of current technology for us to build upon in –â€Å"Without culture, and the relative freedom it implies, society, even when perfect, is but a jungle. This is why any authentic creation is a gift to the future,† supported by Albert Camus a French novelist and journalist. For example the ancient pyramids of Egypt (2630 BC–2611 BC) show great human accomplishment as today it still marvels researchers on how the Egyptians built these magnificent sites without the use of basic technology. Overall these three reasons portray why learning design history is so useful through learning from past mistakes and successes, learning how to become more sustainable without using harmful materials and learning from different cultures to view where our values came from incorporated with creating a sense of place for  future generations to learn from. It is impor tant to learn from the past otherwise we know very little of the present or future and become ignorant to everything around us that may help us strive in the future – â€Å"A generation which ignores history has no past: and no future,† supports and said by Robert Heinlein a famous writer. Referencing: 1 McDermott, Brian. 2001. â€Å"Quotes about History.† Accessed August 31st, 2014. http://homepage.eircom.net/~odyssey/Quotes/History/Historians.html 2 Moncur, Michael. 1994. â€Å"The Quotations page.† Accesssed August 31st , 2014. http://www.quotationspage.com/quote/29259.html 3Karen Carr. 2012. â€Å"Roman Architecture.† Accessed August 31st, 2014. http://www.historyforkids.org/learn/romans/architecture/romarch.htm 4Wikipeadia. 2014. â€Å"Pont du Gard.† Accessed September 1st, 2014. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont_du_Gard 5 Wikipeadia. 2014. â€Å"Colosseum.† Accessed September 1st, 2014. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colosseum 6 Russel Tarr. 1998. â€Å"Active History.† Accessed September 1st, 2014. http://www.activehistory.co.uk/historical_quotations.htm 7 Indiana University. 2011. â€Å"The Santayana Edition.† Accessed September 4th, 2014. http://iat.iupui.edu/santayana/content/santayana-quotations 8 Claudia Bingham Baker. 2005 . â€Å"Tacoma Narrows Bridge.† Accessed September 4th, 2014. http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/tnbhistory/machine/machine3.htm 9 Claudia Bingham Baker. 2005. â€Å"Tacoma Narrows Bridge.† Accessed September 4th, 2014. http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/tnbhistory/machine/machine3.htm 10 SearchQuotes. 2014. â€Å"Learning From The Past.† Accessed September 7th, 2014. http://www.searchquotes.com/viewimage/Learning_From_The_Past/355/ 11 Pavlova, Margarita. 2009. Technology and Vocational Education for Sustainable Development. Vol. 10. New York: Springer Publishing. 12 Web Ecoist. 2014. â€Å"7 Ancient Wonders of Green Design Technology.† Accessed September 7th, 2013. http://webecoist.momtastic.com/2009/01/25/ancient-green-architecture-alternative-energy-design/ 13 Web Ecoist. 2014. â€Å"7 Ancient Wonders of Green Design Technology.† Accessed September 7th, 2013. http://webecoist.momtastic.com/2009/01/25/ancient-green-architecture-alternative-energy-design/ 14Web Ecois t. 2014. â€Å"7 Ancient Wonders of Green Design Technology.† Accessed September 7th, 2013. http://webecoist.momtastic.com/2009/01/25/ancient-green-architecture-alternative-energy-design/ 15Web Ecoist. 2014. â€Å"7 Ancient Wonders of Green Design Technology.† Accessed September 7th, 2013. http://webecoist.momtastic.com/2009/01/25/ancient-green-architecture-alternative-energy-design/ 16 Victor J. Papanek. 1984. Design for the Real World: Human Ecology and Social Change. 1st ed. Chicago: Academy Chicago Publishing. 17 Brainy Quotes. 2001. â€Å"Marcus Garvey.† Accessed September 9th 2014. http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/quotes/m/marcusgarv365148.html 18 By Melanie J. Martin. 2014. â€Å"Why Are World Heritage Sites Important?† Accessed September 9th 2014. http://www.ehow.com/facts_5513442_world-heritage-sites-important.html 19 Brainy Quotes. 2001. â€Å"Jawaharlal Nehru.† Accessed September 9th, 2014. http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/quotes/j/jawaharlal141407.html 20 By Melanie J. Martin. 2014. â€Å"Why Are World Heritage Sites Important?† Accessed September 9th 2014. http://www.ehow.com/facts_5513442_world-heritage-sites-important.html 21 McDermott, Brian. 2001. â€Å"Quotes about History.† Accessed August 31st, 2014. http://homepage.eircom.net/~odyssey/Quotes/History/Historians.html 22 Good Reads. 2014. â€Å"Albert Camus.† Accessed September 12th, 2014. https://www.goodreads.com/quotes/209885-without-culture-and-the-relative-freedom-it-implies-society-even 23 Web Ecoist. 2014. â€Å"7 Ancient Wonders of Green Design Technology.† Accessed September 7th, 2013. http://webecoist.momtastic.com/2009/01/25/ancient-green-architecture-alternative-energy-design/ 24 Good Reads. 2014. â€Å"Robert A. Heinlein.† Accessed September 12th, 2014. http://www.goodreads.com/quotes/186632-a-generation-which-ignores-history-has-no-past-and

Schools Must Reduce Their Use of Standard Tests Essay -- Argumentative

I’m sure you have felt personally victimized by the law of No Child Left Behind and some sort of state-mandated standardized testing. Growing up in Pennsylvania, we had the PSSA’s, 4 Sights, and Keystone Exams. They always had felt trivial, but they did serve some purpose as far as immediate impact to our school days. The use of standardized testing as a quantitative tool of measuring student’s performance took off in 2002 with the passing of the No Child Left Behind Act (â€Å"Standardized Tests,†2003). Standardized testing was part of the initiative to become the highest academically ranked country in the world, surpassing the current highest ranked country of China. The ultimate goal of NCLB was to ensure that all students score a â€Å"proficient† on the reading and math exams by the year 2014 (â€Å"Standardized Tests,† 2003). Obviously, this goal was proven unattainable: Ironically enough, our students’ math scores dropped our ranking from 18th in 2000, to 31st in 2009. A similar decline can also be seen in the science exam scores (â€Å"Standardized Tests,† 2003). It’s blatantly obvious that the theory of NCLB testing has many flaws and needs to be revisited. There is entirely too much emphasis on Standardized testing instead of promotion of personal and academic growth. No room for conversation, research, or deliberation is open for exam questions because of the need to â€Å"move onto the next question.† (Brevetti, 2003). It is also wrong that a student who struggles in high school has to worry about their ability to graduate because of being punished for not scoring a â€Å"proficient† on the PSSA’s. Standardized testing causes unwanted stress on students at increasingly younger ages (â€Å"Standardized Tests,† 2003). Yes, NCLB is incredibly outdat... ...s on a pedestal. In China, there is a huge emphasis on the arts. They enjoy being tutored. They are passionate about learning. I believe the mismatch of culture and values in our society is what makes us the 31st smartest nation in the country. I believe that America has the capacity to be the smartest country in the world. We just need a shift in societal perspective to be able to shed the model of education we have known our entire lives, and be open to experimentation with more effective ways of education. Works Cited Brevetti, Vincent. â€Å"Standardized Testing.† The New York Times. The New York Times, 04 Nov. 2003. Web. 05 Feb. 2015. â€Å"Standardized Tests – ProCon.org.† ProConorg Headlines. N.p., n.d. Web. 03 Feb. 2015. Strauss, Valerie. â€Å"China’s 10 New and Surprising School Reform Rules.† Washington Post. The Washington Post, n.d. Web. 04 Feb. 2015.

American Dream Essay

Many people in the world have an idea about the American Dream. Some people’s American Dream is to help people who are in need to be successful in life while others may dream of making a lot of money. The key to the American Dream for most people is attaining that dream job. However, it can’t be just any job; it usually includes having a job where one feels successful and comes with minimal stress. It gives people determination to be their best. In order to figure out what job I might best be suited for, I took the Gregorc Learning Style Inventory test, and it showed that I am a concrete random learner. Therefore, I enjoy establishing relationships with others, seeing possibilities, gaining ideas, and being competitive. Hence, my dream job would be to become a physical education (PE) teacher. Most people think they know what being a PE teacher is all about, but some may find that the job is more involved than they realized. First of all, according to Career Cruising, a vocational website, â€Å"Physical education teachers educate their students about good sportsmanship, teamwork, personal fitness, and how to lead a healthy and active lifestyle† (â€Å"Physical Education Teacher†). Being a PE teacher requires knowing about students and their abilities. â€Å"A physical education teacher teaches students how to keep their bodies fit through good health practices and exercise† (â€Å"Becoming a Physical Education Teacher†).  They organize games and challenges that promote physical activity for children and young adults from kindergarten to high school. Secondly, there are many responsibilities that PE teachers have. PE teachers need to be able to adjust their curricula and to adapt to children with disabilities or different physical abilities (Bold). For example, if the weather outside was effecting the activity played, the PE teacher would need to be able to change the plans by planning something inside. Another responsibility that a PE teacher has is having strong listening and speaking skills. Besides being knowledgeable about an activity, they need to be able to communicate and demonstrate the activity properly to the class. Therefore, I will be able to observe students and maintain discipline within the class. PE teachers also interact with parents, other teachers and the school’s administration, but it takes knowledge and education to get there. Finally, people that want to become teachers can’t just graduate high school and try to become one; work experience and knowledge about activities are essential keys to being a  successful PE teacher. For instance, I have played volleyball for seven years, so I have learned a lot about how to coordinate conditioning activities, drills, games. That has provided a good foundation for me to become a PE teacher. Because of that, I would also love to coach a volleyball team while being a PE teacher. Even volunteering at the Boys/Girls Club or the YMCA would help me before I become a PE teacher because I would be able to interact with kids and learn how they interact with each other. I know that before becoming a PE teacher, I need to truly enjoy being around people and kids which is something that I know I already have. It’s not going to be â€Å"easy as pie† to become a PE teacher. First of all, Going to college to study certain majors is a big part in becoming a PE teacher. I will complete a degree in health and physical education at a four- year college or university. Classes that I might have to take in order to become a PE teacher are Kinesiology, Exercise Physiology, and a Health and Wellness class (â€Å"Skills Required for Become a PE Teacher†). Going to college and learning about physical health will let me have a better understanding of what I am going to teach about. Going to college will cost about seventy thousand dollars but, I am going to college on a volleyball scholarship which will lower the costs. Education is the key role in becoming a PE teacher. There are many personal qualifications into becoming a teacher. A skill that I will need to have in order to become a PE teacher would be to have a general understanding of the purpose and value of physical fitness and how individuals can perform their exercises at their best. PE teachers value physical fitness and want their students to perform at their best therefor being able to communicate with students will help me understand what their bodies are capable of. Personality is a big role in being any type of teacher. Having a positive attitude throughout the day will help me motivate my students to do better, which is a big key in becoming a PE teacher. â€Å"On a daily basis, physical education teachers face unmotivated students and students who are living unhealthy lifestyles† (â€Å"Working with Students†). It is my goal to motivate students and to have fun. To me, having a relationship with my students and having fun with them is a lot more important than how much I would get paid as a teacher. One stereotype that people have about teachers centers around how much teachers get paid. Some say it is too little while others say it is too much: â€Å"The national median salary of all middle and high school teachers is around $52,000 dollars a year† (â€Å"Physical Education Teacher†). It may not seem like a lot but, it’s all that I need. I would also love to coach a school volleyball team and coaching a team would could help me make an additional $2,000 a year (Dodrill). Overall, the American Dream involves having a job that one loves. Even thinking about being a PE teacher and even a coach makes me smile. The American Dream involves with making one happy. I would love to help students learn about their health and teach them new sports! Having obstacles everyday will only make me a better teacher! I will have to work ha rd in college to get this job, but working hard is something that I am up for. Having a relationship with my students and learning what I can do to become a better teacher is something that I can’t wait to wake up every morning to do. Having a dream job and getting to interact with students would be perfect. Getting to coach a volleyball team and have relationships with my students would make my dream job even better! Having fun at a job and doing what you love is all that matters to me! Being a physical education teacher and a volleyball coach for the school would be my American Dream job. Works Cited Bold, Jessica. â€Å"Skills Required for Become a PE Teacher.† EHow. Demand Media, 11 Oct. 2009. Web. 07 May 2014. Dodrill, Tara. â€Å"What Do High School Coaching Jobs Pay?† EHow. Demand Media, 24 July †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦2009. Wed. 22 May 2014 Manross, Mark. â€Å"PE Central: Becoming a Physical Education Teacher.† PE Central: Becoming a Physical Education Teacher. Executive Director, 1 Jan. 2014. Web. 07 May 2014. â€Å"Physical Education Teacher.† Career Cruising. Anaca Technologies. n.d. Web. 15 June 2010. Zeiger, Stacy. â€Å"The Pros & Cons of Being a Physical Education Teacher.† Work. Demand Media, 11 Nov. 2012. Web. 07 May 2014.

Obamacare: a Threat to America

President Barack Obama has been written into the history books for becoming the first African American president of the United States. The president plans on changing history again by bringing universal health care into the United States, which has won him much popularity among Democratic voters. President Obama’s speeches are adored by his fans but raise many red flags for the majority of America. Major concerns Americans have with President Obama’s two proposed health-care bills are that health-care options will no longer be available, the real cost of Obamacare, and small businesses.As many Americans believe Presidents Obama’s health-care plan is what the United States has needed for decades, considering he did get elected, his polices will prove to be a bane for the United States. The main concern for many Americans about the Obama’s Health-Care plan is the fact that they will lose the freedom to choose. Choosing health-care benefits, doctors, and high -deductable coverage is important to every insured American citizen, so why would Obama change that?In his speeches, Obama has promised Americans that they will be able to keep their existing health-care coverage but the proposed bills tell a different story. Both bills necessitate that Americans buy approved plans that have a number of universal benefits or face penalties. Even with a five year grace period given to big employers to convert to the new plans, there will be no options if the bills are passed. Choosing what benefits are included in one’s health-care plan often times saves money that could put food on the table for a struggling family.Several states have already imposed a list of required benefits for health-care plans; everyone from â€Å"chiropractors to alcohol-abuse counselors† competes to be included on lists of required benefits (Tully). This competition is one reason health-care costs continue to rise. A few of the mandated benefits of the bills in clude coverage for prescription drugs, substance-abuse services, mental-health services, as well as insuring â€Å"children† until they reach 26 years of age. Before the bills are finalized, the Department of Health and Human Services will hire â€Å"experts† to complete he list (Tully). Thus, nobody will know exactly what this standardized list of benefits will include until the bills are passed. For some Americans, choosing their doctors is very important. Whatever the reason, some people feel more comfortable around certain doctors than others. Why would Obama take away such a simple freedom? With passing of the bills, Americans will be assigned primary care physicians who then will assign patients to specialists, if needed. It is up to the â€Å"gate-keeper† which specialist the patients sees and when.Of course, the choice is to be made on which route is the most â€Å"cost-effective† (Tully). The situation only gets worse when primary care physicians deny patients care, and still get paid. Another freedom Obama’s Health-Care bills will strip from Americans is the choice of high-deductable coverage. Currently about 5 million Americans take advantage of Health Savings Accounts (HSA) offered by their employers (Tully). These work when an employee puts money into the account, requiring the employer to make an equivalent deposit.Employees use Health Savings Accounts to pay for high-deductable coverage plans which, in turn, they use to cover several-thousand dollar medical bills. With high-deductable plans, patients are to cover regular doctor visits themselves; HSAs help cover these bills as well. The proposed bills cause great concern to HSA participants for the simple fact that they will no longer be able to choose a plan with â€Å"stripped† benefits. To rub salt on an open wound, John Goodman of the National Center for Policy Analysis says, â€Å"The government could set extremely low deductibles that would elimin ate HSAs..And they could do it after the bills are passed. † Mandating minimum benefit packages will only drive up medical costs for those who now rely on HSAs to cover medical expenses, ending â€Å"consumer-driven† care (Tully). By eliminating money coming in from independent consumers instead of big insurance companies, the proposed bills will snuff out any type of market health-care now has. Another major concern for Americans about Obamacare is a topic President Obama would rather not mention: cost.According to the Congressional Budget Office, the price tag of the bill coming from the Senate Health Committee would be approximately $1 trillion spanning ten years, and that would only cover a small portion of uninsured Americans. Even worse, the Congressional Budget Office estimates another bill from the Senate Finance Committee at over $1. 6 trillion (Reich). These numbers come at the worst possible time when the United States deficit has reached an all-time high at over $14 trillion as of January (Sahadi).This begs the question, how does Obama expect to pay for these tremendous bills? The answer: Obama plans to raise taxes. Though Medicare cuts and increased taxes will pay for much of the immediate â€Å"overhaul,† according to the proposed bills, the first sign federal tax credits will not be seen until 2013. Only eligible small businesses, up to 25 employees, can receive very limited tax credits up to 35% towards employee health coverage, which Obama hopes will persuade small businesses to offer employee health-care plans (Fox News).But in reality, the cuts affects only one-third of small businesses, leaving the nearly rest of America to get insurance through their big business employer or buy it themselves (Danner). The United States is less than $300 billion away from our debt ceiling, what would another $1 trillion in debt do to our country? Experts predict â€Å"crippling† results. Even in the best case scenario, the value of U. S. bonds and currency would be destroyed. If the U. S. did default, markets around the world would see the effects (Sahadi). If the U. S. overnment is about to lose the ability to pay its own bills, why is the president trying to reform health-care knowing it will add to the already outstanding debt? Small business are another key concern for Americans as President Obama is pushing harder than ever for his proposed health bills. In his campaign Obama ensured Americans that his bills will include benefits for small business, however that is not the case. Looking closely, the proposed tax credits for small businesses will put each small business through a series of tests to decide whether it is eligible for the credit and how much they could receive.With less than one-third of small businesses fully eligible under the restrictions, President Obama’s Health-Care plan will leave Americans with few options when it comes to health-care. Even more, the president neglects to me ntion is that his tax credits for small business are only temporary, six years at the most (Danner). After the credits run out, small businesses will be forced to pay full price for employee health costs, driving up the cost of business dramatically.Businesses that cannot afford the full price tag of employee coverage and newly imposed taxes will have no choice but go out of business. Small businesses created 64% of all new jobs in the last 15 years; the idea of unemployment taking another dramatic rise caused by the closing of numerous small businesses is something the current economy of the United States cannot handle (SBA. gov). There is no doubt Americans like President Obama but when a record number of Americans lose their jobs because of his bills, what will Americans think of him then?There is no doubt President Obama is an excellent speaker but his way with words hides truths that Americans need to know. Now that these truths have leaked out to the public, Americans are conc erned about many different aspects of the president’s proposed bills. Understand, the idea of every American citizen having health insurance sounds great to everybody, but at what cost? Major concerns of American citizens are that health-care options will no longer be available, the real cost of Obamacare, and small businesses.President Obama’s promise that Americans could keep their current plans has been proven bogus, he has neglected to mention the tremendous costs of his proposed health-care bills, and these bills could irreversibly damage the American economy; is Obama the change that America was searching for? As his 2,000 page documents conceal the truths behind his proposed ideas, President Obama’s health-care plan has proven itself to be yet another bane that could very possibly be placed on top the United States’ already weighted shoulders.